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+introduction
+shell
+	interface available on any UNIX-like OS
+	interesting: both UI and API
+shell input [XCU 2.1]
+	specified file
+	'-c' option argument
+	stdin (interactive mode)
+first steps: `echo` command [XCU 4]
+ex. 1: Hello world
+	demonstration of input methods
+	ex. 1.1:
+		[sh]
+			$ echo Hello world
+	ex. 1.2:
+		[hello.sh]
+			echo Hello world
+		[sh]
+			$ sh hello.sh
+	ex. 1.3:
+		[sh]
+			$ sh -c 'echo Hello world'
+magic number behavior, `chmod` [XCU 4], file modes
+ex. 2: magic hello
+	[hello-magic.sh]
+		#! /bin/sh
+		echo Hello world
+	[sh]
+		$ chmod a+x
+		$ sh hello-magic.sh
+field splitting [XCU 2.6.5]
+simple commands: `cd`, `ls`, `mkdir`, `touch` [XCU 4]
+ex. 3: field splitting
+	[sh]
+		$ mkdir foo bar
+		$ ls
+tilde expansion [XCU 2.6.1]
+ex. 4: tilde expansion
+	[sh]
+		$ ls ~
+		$ ls ~sh-foo
+		$ ls ~sh-foo/some-directory
+pathname expansion [XCU 2.6.6] [XCU 2.13]
+ex. 5: pathname expansion
+	[sh]
+		$ echo ~sh-foo/*-file
+		$ echo ~sh-foo/ba*/file
+parameters: assignment
+ex. 6: parameter assignment
+	[sh]
+		$ myparam=foo
+		$ mynum=1
+parameters: expansion [XCU 2.6.2]
+	simple parameter
+	use default values
+	string length
+	remove {smallest,largest} suffix pattern
+	remove {smallest,largest} prefix pattern
+ex. 7: parameter expansion
+	[sh]
+		$ echo ${myparam}
+		$ echo ${nullparam:-default}
+		$ echo ${#myparam}
+		$ file=main.c
+		$ echo ${file%.c}.o
+		$ dir=foo/bar/baz
+		$ echo ${dir##*/}
+positional parameters [XCU 2.5.1]
+ex. 8: positional parameters
+	[pos-params.sh]
+		#! /bin/sh
+		echo ${1}
+		echo ${2}
+	[sh]
+		$ chmod a+x pos-params.sh
+		$ sh pos-params.sh foo
+		$ ./pos-params.sh foo bar baz
+special parameters [XCU 2.5.2]
+	@, *, #, ?, 0
+exit status [XCU 2.8.2]
+`false` and `true` commands [XCU 4]
+ex. 9: special parameters
+	[spec-params.sh]
+		#! /bin/sh
+		echo Number of positional parameters: ${#}
+		echo Positional parameters: ${@}
+		echo Script name: ${0}
+		true
+		echo ${?}
+		false
+		echo ${?}
+	[sh]
+		$ chmod a+x spec-params.sh
+		./spec-params.sh foo bar baz
+shell variables [XCU 2.5.3]
+	HOME, IFS, PATH, PS1, PWD
+ex. 10: shell variables
+	[sh]
+		$ echo ${HOME}
+		$ echo ${PWD}
+	[sh (another shell)]
+		$ PS1='$ '
+		$ PS1='PROMPT> '
+command substitution [XCU 2.6.3]
+	two versions
+ex. 11: command substitution
+	[sh]
+		$ filepath=$(basename ~sh-foo/bar/file)
+		$ echo ${filepath}
+arithmetic expansion [XCU 2.6.4]
+ex. 12: arithmetic expansion
+	$ echo $((2+3))
+	$ echo $((0x10 + 4))
+	$ i=0
+	$ i=$(($x + 1))
+	$ echo ${i}
+basic foundation complete
+simple commands revisited [XCU 2.9.1]
+	simple-command: [parameter-assignment...] [word...]
+	command search and execution
+pipelines [XCU 2.9.2]
+lists [XCU 2.9.3]
+	AND-OR list
+	list
+ex. 13: lists
+	[sh]
+		$ false && echo foo || echo bar
+		$ true || echo foo && echo bar
+compound commands [XCU 2.9.4]
+	grouping
+	if, `test` command
+	while
+	until
+	for
+	case
+functions [XCU 2.9.5]
+I/O redirection [XCU 2.7]