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<?php
/*
Frequently asked questions
Copyright (C) 2015 Francis Rowe <info@gluglug.org.uk>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
header('Content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8');
ob_start();
include_once "../common/variables.php";
include_once "../common/functions.php";
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
<?php echo miniCss(file_get_contents("../common/css/main.css")); ?>
</style>
<title>Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about libreboot</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="pagetop">
<h1>Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about libreboot</h1>
<p>
Over time, there have been many questions asked about libreboot. We have to answer them every time,
so it makes sense to document them here instead. More questions and answers will be added here,
as time goes by. <a href="../">Back to home page</a>
</p>
<h2>Hardware compatibility</h2>
<ul class="c">
<li><a href="#compatibility">What systems are compatible with libreboot?</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#intel">Why is the latest Intel hardware unsupported in libreboot?</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#intelme">Intel Management Engine (ME)</a></li>
<li><a href="#fsp">Firmware Support Package (FSP)</a></li>
<li><a href="#microcode">CPU microcode updates</a></li>
<li><a href="#intelbastards">Intel is uncooperative</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#librem">Will the Purism Librem laptops be supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#thinkpads">Will the latest Thinkpad models be supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#desktops">Will desktop/server hardware be supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#randomhardware">Hi, I have <insert random system here>, is it supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#arm">What about ARM?</a></li>
<li><a href="#amd">What about AMD?</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>General questions</h2>
<ul class="c">
<li><a href="#install">How do I install libreboot?</a></li>
<li><a href="#repugnantpi">How do I program an SPI flash chip with the Raspberry Pi?</a></li>
<li><a href="#bootpassword">How do I set a boot password?</a></li>
<li><a href="#writeprotect">How do I write-protect the flash chip?</a> (for example, to protect against firmware-level malware being installed)</li>
<li><a href="#biossettings">How do I change the BIOS settings?</a></li>
<li><a href="#bootloader">Do I need to install a bootloader when installing GNU/Linux?</a></li>
<li><a href="#reinstallos">Do I need to re-flash when I re-install GNU/Linux?</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Freedom questions</h2>
<ul class="c">
<li><a href="#external-gpu">Are external GPUs (e.g. PCI-E) OK?</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#otherfirmware">What other firmware exists outside of libreboot?</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#firmware-ec">EC (embedded controller) firmware</a></li>
<li><a href="#firmware-hddssd">HDD/SSD firmware</a></li>
<li><a href="#firmware-nic">NIC (ethernet controller)</a></li>
<li><a href="#firmware-cpu">CPU microcode</a></li>
<li><a href="#firmware-sound">Sound card</a></li>
<li><a href="#firmware-webcam">Web cam</a></li>
<li><a href="#firmware-usbhost">USB host controller</a></li>
<li><a href="#firmware-wwan">WWAN firmware</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Operating Systems</h2>
<ul class="c">
<li><a href="#gnulinux">Can I use GNU/Linux?</a> (yes, you can)</li>
<li><a href="#gnuhurd">Can I use GNU/Hurd?</a></li>
<li><a href="#bsd">Can I use BSD?</a></li>
<li><a href="#windows">Can I use Windows?</a></li>
<li><a href="#otheros">Are other operating systems compatible?</a></li>
</ul>
<h2></h2>
</div>
<div>
<h1>Hardware compatibility</h1>
<h2 id="compatibility">What systems are compatible with libreboot? <span class="r"><a href="#compatibility">#compatibility</a></span></h2>
<p>
See <a href="../docs/hcl/index.html">../docs/hcl/index.html</a>.
</p>
<p>
Several supported systems are also available with libreboot preinstalled.
Check the <a href="../suppliers/">suppliers</a> page for more information.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="intel">Why is the latest Intel hardware unsupported in libreboot? <span class="r"><a href="#intel">#intel</a></span></h2>
<p>
It is extremely unlikely that any post-2008 Intel hardware will ever be supported in libreboot, due to
severe security and freedom issues; so severe, that <i>the libreboot project recommends avoiding all modern Intel hardware.
If you have an Intel based system affected by the problems described below, then you should get rid of it as soon as possible</i>. The main issues are as follows:
</p>
<h3 id="intelme">Intel Management Engine (ME) <span class="r"><a href="#intelme">#intelme</a></span></h3>
<p>
Introduced in June 2006 in Intel's 965 Express Chipset Family of (Graphics and)
Memory Controller Hubs, or (G)MCHs, and the ICH8 I/O Controller Family, the
Intel Management Engine (ME) is a separate computing environment physically
located in the (G)MCH chip. In Q3 2009, the first generation of Intel Core
i3/i5/i7 (Nehalem) CPUs and the 5 Series Chipset family of Platform Controller
Hubs, or PCHs, brought a more tightly integrated ME (now at version 6.0) inside
the PCH chip, which itself replaced the ICH. Thus, the ME is <b><i>present on all
Intel desktop, mobile (laptop), and server systems since mid 2006</i></b>.
</p>
<p>
The ME consists of an ARC processor core (replaced with other processor cores in
later generations of the ME), code and data caches, a timer, and a secure
internal bus to which additional devices are connected, including a cryptography
engine, internal ROM and RAM, memory controllers, and a <b><i>direct memory access
(DMA) engine</i></b> to access the host operating system's memory as well as to
reserve a region of protected external memory to supplement the ME's limited
internal RAM. The ME also has <b><i>network access</i></b> with its own MAC address
through an Intel Gigabit Ethernet Controller. Its boot program, stored on the
internal ROM, loads a firmware "manifest" from the PC's SPI flash chip. This
manifest is <b><i>signed with a strong cryptographic key</i></b>, which differs
between versions of the ME firmware. If the manifest isn't signed by a specific
Intel key, the boot ROM won't load and execute the firmware and the ME processor
core will be halted.
</p>
<p>
The ME firmware is compressed and consists of modules that are listed in the
manifest along with secure cryptographic hashes of their contents. One module
is the operating system kernel, which is based on a <b><i>proprietary real-time
operating system (RTOS) kernel</i></b> called "ThreadX". The developer, Express
Logic, sells licenses and source code for ThreadX. Customers such as Intel are
forbidden from disclosing or sublicensing the ThreadX source code. Another
module is the Dynamic Application Loader (DAL), which consists of a <b><i>Java
virtual machine</i></b> and set of preinstalled Java classes for cryptography,
secure storage, etc. The DAL module can load and execute additional ME modules
from the PC's HDD or SSD. The ME firmware also includes a number of native
application modules within its flash memory space, including Intel Active
Management Technology (AMT), an implementation of a Trusted Platform Module
(TPM), Intel Boot Guard, and audio and video DRM systems.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/active-management-technology">
Active Management Technology (AMT)</a> application, part of the Intel "vPro"
brand, is a Web server and application code that enables remote users to power
on, power off, view information about, and otherwise manage the PC. It can
be <b><i>used remotely even while the PC is powered off</i></b> (via Wake-on-Lan).
Traffic is encrypted using SSL/TLS libraries, but recall that all of the major
SSL/TLS implementations have had highly publicized vulnerabilities. The AMT
application itself has <b><i><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology#Known_vulnerabilities_and_exploits">
known vulnerabilities</a></i></b>, which have been exploited to develop rootkits
and keyloggers and covertly gain encrypted access to the management features of
a PC. Remember that the ME has full access to the PC's RAM. This means that an
attacker exploiting any of these vulnerabilities may gain access to everything
on the PC as it runs: all open files, all running applications, all keys
pressed, and more.
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/33981.html">Intel Boot Guard</a> is an ME
application introduced in Q2 2013 with ME firmware version 9.0 on 4th Generation
Intel Core i3/i5/i7 (Haswell) CPUs. It allows a PC OEM to generate an
asymmetric cryptographic keypair, install the public key in the CPU, and prevent
the CPU from executing boot firmware that isn't signed with their private key.
This means that <b><i>coreboot and libreboot are impossible to port</i></b> to such
PCs, without the OEM's private signing key. Note that systems assembled from
separately purchased mainboard and CPU parts are unaffected, since the vendor of
the mainboard (on which the boot firmware is stored) can't possibly affect the
public key stored on the CPU.
</p>
<p>
ME firmware versions 4.0 and later (Intel 4 Series and later chipsets) include
an ME application for <b><i>audio and video <a
href="https://defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm_digital_restrictions_management">
DRM</a></i></b> called "Protected Audio Video Path" (PAVP). The ME receives from
the host operating system an encrypted media stream and encrypted key, decrypts
the key, and sends the encrypted media decrypted key to the GPU, which then
decrypts the media. PAVP is also used by another ME application to draw an
authentication PIN pad directly onto the screen. In this usage, the PAVP
application directly controls the graphics that appear on the PC's screen in a
way that the host OS cannot detect. ME firmware version 7.0 on PCHs with 2nd
Generation Intel Core i3/i5/i7 (Sandy Bridge) CPUs replaces PAVP with a similar
DRM application called "Intel Insider". Like the AMT application, these DRM
applications, which in themselves are defective by design, demonstrate the
omnipotent capabilities of the ME: this hardware and its proprietary firmware
can access and control everything that is in RAM and even <b><i>everything that is
shown on the screen</i></b>.
</p>
<p>
The Intel Management Engine with its proprietary firmware has complete access to
and control over the PC: it can power on or shut down the PC, read all open
files, examine all running applications, track all keys pressed and mouse
movements, and even capture or display images on the screen. And it has a
network interface that is demonstrably insecure, which can allow an attacker on
the network to inject rootkits that completely compromise the PC and can report
to the attacker all activities performed on the PC. It is a threat to freedom,
security, and privacy that can't be ignored.
</p>
<p>
Before version 6.0 (that is, on systems from 2008/2009 and earlier), the ME can
be disabled by setting a couple of values in the SPI flash memory. The ME
firmware can then be removed entirely from the flash memory space. libreboot <a
href="../docs/hcl/gm45_remove_me.html">does this</a> on the Intel 4 Series
systems that it supports, such as the <a
href="../docs/install/x200_external.html">Libreboot X200</a> and <a
href="../docs/install/t400_external.html">Libreboot T400</a>. ME firmware
versions 6.0 and later, which are found on all systems with an Intel Core
i3/i5/i7 CPU and a PCH, include "ME Ingition" firmware that performs some
hardware initialization and power management. If the ME's boot ROM does not
find in the SPI flash memory an ME firmware manifest with a valid Intel
signature, the whole PC will shut down after 30 minutes.
</p>
<p>
Due to the signature verification, developing free replacement firmware for the
ME is basically impossible. The only entity capable of replacing the ME
firmware is Intel. As previously stated, the ME firmware includes proprietary
code licensed from third parties, so Intel couldn't release the source code even
if they wanted to. And even if they developed completely new ME firmware
without third-party proprietary code and released its source code, the ME's boot
ROM would reject any modified firmware that isn't signed by Intel. Thus, the ME
firmware is both hopelessly proprietary and "tivoized".
</p>
<p><b>
In summary, the Intel Management Engine and its applications are a backdoor with
total access to and control over the rest of the PC. The ME is a threat to
freedom, security, and privacy, and the libreboot project strongly recommends
avoiding it entirely. Since recent versions of it can't be removed, this means
avoiding all recent generations of Intel hardware.
</b></p>
<p>
More information about the Management Engine can be found on various Web sites,
including <a href="http://me.bios.io/Main_Page">me.bios.io</a>, <a
href="http://io.smashthestack.org/me/">the smashthestack network</a>, <a
href="http://www.coreboot.org/Intel_Management_Engine">coreboot wiki</a>, and <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology">
Wikipedia</a>. The book <b><i><a href="https://www.apress.com/9781430265719">
Platform Embedded Security Technology Revealed</a></i></b> describes in great
detail the ME's hardware architecture and firmware application modules.
</p>
<h3 id="fsp">Firmware Support Package (FSP) <span class="r"><a href="#fsp">#fsp</a></span></h3>
<p>
On all recent Intel systems, coreboot support has revolved around integrating a blob (for each system) called
the <i>FSP</i> (firmware support package), which handles all of the hardware initialization, including
memory initialization. Reverse engineering and replacing this blob is almost impossible, due to how complex it is. Even for the most skilled developer,
it would take years to replace. Intel distributes this blob to firmware developers, without source.
</p>
<p>
Since the FSP is responsible for the early hardware initialization, that means it also handles SMM (System Management Mode). This is
a special mode that operates below the operating system level. <b>It's possible that rootkits could be implemented there, which could
perform a number of attacks on the user (the list is endless). Any Intel system that has the proprietary FSP blob cannot be trusted at
all.</b> In fact, several SMM rootkits have been demonstrated in the wild (use a search engine to find them).
</p>
<h3 id="microcode">CPU microcode updates <span class="r"><a href="#microcode">#microcode</a></span></h3>
<p>
All modern x86 CPUs (from Intel and AMD) use what is called <i>microcode</i>. CPUs are extremely complex,
and difficult to get right, so the circuitry is designed in a very generic way, where only basic instructions
are handled in hardware. Most of the instruction set is implemented using microcode, which is low-level software
running inside the CPU that can specify how the circuitry is to be used, for each instruction. The built-in microcode
is part of the hardware, and read-only. Both the circuitry and the microcode can have bugs, which could cause reliability issues.
</p>
<p>
Microcode <i>updates</i> are proprietary blobs, uploaded to the CPU at boot time, which patches the built-in
microcode and disables buggy parts of the CPU to improve reliability. In the past, these updates were
handled by the operating system kernel, but on all recent systems it is the boot firmware that must perform this task.
Coreboot does distribute microcode updates for Intel and AMD CPUs, but libreboot cannot, because the whole point of libreboot
is to be 100% <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>.
</p>
<p>
On some older Intel CPUs, it is possible to exclude the microcode updates and not have any reliability issues in practise.
All current libreboot systems work without microcode updates (otherwise, they wouldn't be supported in libreboot). However,
all modern Intel CPUs require the microcode updates, otherwise the system will not boot at all, or it will be extremely
unstable (memory corruption, for example).
</p>
<p>
Intel CPU microcode updates are <i>signed</i>, which means that you could not even run a modified version, even if
you had the source code. If you try to upload your own modified updates, the CPU will reject them. In other words,
the microcode updates are <i><a href="https://www.gnu.org/proprietary/proprietary-tyrants.html">tivoized</a></i>.
</p>
<h3 id="intelbastards">Intel is uncooperative <span class="r"><a href="#intelbastards">#intelbastards</a></span></h3>
<p>
For years, coreboot has been struggling against Intel. Intel has been shown to be extremely uncooperative in general.
Many coreboot developers, and companies, have tried to get Intel to cooperate; namely, releasing source code
for the firmware components. Even Google, which sells millions of <i>chromebooks</i> (coreboot preinstalled)
have been unable to persuade them.
</p>
<p>
Even when Intel does cooperate, they still don't provide source code. They might provide limited information
(datasheets) under strict corporate NDA (non-disclosure agreement), but even that is not guaranteed. Even ODMs and IBVs can't
get source code from Intel, in most cases (they will just integrate the blobs that Intel provides).
</p>
<p>
Recent Intel graphics chipsets also <a href="https://01.org/linuxgraphics/intel-linux-graphics-firmwares?langredirect=1">require firmware blobs</a>.
</p>
<p>
Intel is only going to get worse when it comes to user freedom. Libreboot has no support recent Intel platforms, precisely because
of the problems described above. The only way to solve this is to get Intel to change their policies and to be more friendly
to the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> community. Reverse engineering won't solve anything long-term, unfortunately, but we need to keep doing it
anyway. Moving forward, Intel hardware is a non-option unless a radical change happens within Intel.
</p>
<p>
<b>Basically, all Intel hardware from year 2010 and beyond will never be supported by libreboot. The libreboot project
is actively ignoring all modern Intel hardware at this point, and focusing on alternative platforms.</b>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="librem">Will the Purism Librem laptops be supported? <span class="r"><a href="#librem">#librem</a></span></h2>
<p>
Probably not. There are several privacy, security and freedom issues with these laptops, due to the Intel chipsets
that they use. See <a href="#intel">#intel</a>. There are signed proprietary blobs which cannot be replaced
(e.g. <a href="#intelme">Intel Management Engine</a> and <a href="#microcode">CPU microcode updates</a>).
It uses the proprietary <a href="#fsp">Intel FSP</a> blob for the entire hardware initialization, which
Intel <a href="#intelbastards">won't provide</a> the source code for. The Video BIOS (initialization firmware
for the graphics hardware) is also proprietary.
</p>
<p>
It will likely take many years to replace even one of these blobs, let alone all of them. Some of them (ME firmware and microcode) can't even be replaced,
which immediately disqualifies these laptops from being added to libreboot. Google engineers have tried
for many years to get source code from Intel, and to reverse engineer the blobs that Intel provides. So far, they have
been unsuccessful. Google is also one of the companies that funds the coreboot project, and they hire a lot of the core
developers, so it's not like they don't have vast resources at their disposal. Smaller companies have no chance.
</p>
<p>
It's a shame, because these laptops would be perfect for libreboot.
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h2 id="thinkpads">Will the latest ThinkPad models be supported? <span class="r"><a href="#thinkpads">#thinkpads</a></span></h2>
<p>
The latest ThinkPad generation supported in libreboot are the ones
using the GM45 (ICH9) chipsets, such as the ThinkPad X200 or T400.
ThinkPads newer than this generation will probably never be supported in libreboot,
due to the fact that there are signed blobs that cannot be removed or replaced
(e.g. <a href="#intelme">Intel Management Engine</a>). See <a href="#intel">#intel</a>. Newer Lenovo laptops are
also <a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Intel-Boot-Guard-Kills-Coreboot">starting to use</a> the <a href="https://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/33981.html">Intel Boot Guard</a>, which specifically blocks the use of
firmware that has not been signed by the OEM.
</p>
<p>
Coreboot does have support for some more recent Lenovo laptops, but libreboot cannot support most of these.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="desktops">Will desktop/server hardware be supported? <span class="r"><a href="#desktops">#desktops</a></span></h2>
<p>
A common issue with desktop hardware is the Video BIOS. Libreboot has to initialize the graphics chipset,
but most graphics cards lack a free Video BIOS for this purpose. Some desktop motherboards supported in
coreboot do have onboard graphics chipsets, but these also require a proprietary Video BIOS, in most cases.
</p>
<p>
There is the XGI Z9s PCI-E graphics card, documented under <i>Board Ports</i> in <a href="../docs/tasks.html">../docs/tasks.html</a>, which might be viable for you.
</p>
<p>
Although not desktop hardware (it's a server board), libreboot does support
the <a href="../docs/hcl/kfsn4-dre.html">ASUS KFSN4-DRE</a>, with more server hardware
support on the horizon, as outlined in <a href="../docs/tasks.html">../docs/tasks.html</a>.
These boards have onboard graphics chipsets for which free native graphics initialization code
does exist (as well as free initialization code for everything else in the boot firmware).
These systems can be used to build very high-powered workstations, though it will be quite a bit
bigger (physically) and more expensive than a standard desktop computer. However, it is the best
option currently available in libreboot for this purpose.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="randomhardware">Hi, I have <insert random system here>, is it supported? <span class="r"><a href="#randomhardware">#randomhardware</a></span></h2>
<p>
Most likely not. First, you must consult coreboot's own hardware compatibility list
at <a href="http://www.coreboot.org/Supported_Motherboards">http://www.coreboot.org/Supported_Motherboards</a> and,
if it is supported, check whether it can run without any proprietary blobs in the ROM image. If it can: wonderful! Libreboot
can support it, and you can add support for it using the notes at <a href="../docs/maintain/index.html">../docs/maintain/index.html</a>.
If not, then you will need to figure out how to reverse engineer and replace (or remove) those blobs that do still exist, in such a way
where the system is still usable in some defined way.
</p>
<p>
For those systems where no coreboot support exists, you must first port it to coreboot and,
if it can then run without any blobs in the ROM image, it can be added to libreboot.
See: <a href="http://www.coreboot.org/Motherboard_Porting_Guide">Motherboard Porting Guide</a> (this is just the tip of the iceberg!)
</p>
<p>
Please note that board development should be done upstream (in coreboot) and merged downstream (into libreboot). This is
the correct way to do it, and it is how the libreboot project is coordinated so as to avoid too much forking of the
coreboot source code.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="arm">What about ARM? <span class="r"><a href="#arm">#arm</a></span></h2>
<p>
Libreboot has support for some ARM based laptops, using the <i>Rockchip RK3288</i> SoC.
Check the libreboot <a href="../docs/hcl/index.html#supported_list">hardware compatibility list</a>, for more information.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="amd">What about AMD? <span class="r"><a href="#amd">#amd</a></span></h2>
<p>
Libreboot has support for some AMD platforms, with more on the horizon.
See <a href="../docs/hcl/index.html">../docs/hcl/index.html</a>.
</p>
<p>
More AMD-related information will be added to this page at a later date.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
</div>
<div>
<h1>General questions</h1>
<h2 id="install">How do I install libreboot? <span class="r"><a href="#install">#install</a></span></h2>
<p>
See <a href="../docs/install/index.html">../docs/install/index.html</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="repugnantpi">How do I program an SPI flash chip with the Raspberry Pi? <span class="r"><a href="#repugnantpi">#repugnantpi</a></span></h2>
<p>
The RPi can be used to install libreboot onto a system that uses SPI flash, but libreboot intentionally doesn't document it.
Why? Blobs. The RPi requires a blob for the integrated video chipset, in order to boot. This was true of the original RPi, and
has continued to be true for all subsequent revisions of the hardware. The RPi people clearly don't give a damn about your freedom,
so we don't give a damn about endorsing them.
</p>
<p>
There are other, more freedom-friendly SPI programmers available, documented on <a href="../docs/install/index.html">../docs/install/index.html</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="bootpassword">How do I set a boot password? <span class="r"><a href="#bootpassword">#bootpassword</a></span></h2>
<p>
If you are using the GRUB payload, you can add a username and password (salted, hashed)
to your GRUB configuration that resides inside the flash chip. The following guides (which
also cover full disk encryption, including the /boot/ directory) show how to set a boot password
in GRUB: <a href="../docs/gnulinux/encrypted_trisquel.html">../docs/gnulinux/encrypted_trisquel.html</a> and <a href="../docs/gnulinux/encrypted_parabola.html">../docs/gnulinux/encrypted_parabola.html</a>
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h2 id="writeprotect">How do I write-protect the flash chip? <span class="r"><a href="#writeprotect">#writeprotect</a></span></h2>
<p>
By default, there is no write-protection on a libreboot system. This is for usability reasons,
because most people do not have easy access to an external programmer for re-flashing their firmware,
or they find it inconvenient to use an external programmer.
</p>
<p>
On some systems, it is possible to write-protect the firmware, such that it is rendered read-only
at the OS level (external flashing is still possible, using dedicated hardware). For example, on
current GM45 laptops (e.g. ThinkPad X200, T400), you can write-protect (see <a href="../docs/hcl/gm45_remove_me.html#ich9gen">../docs/hcl/gm45_remove_me.html#ich9gen</a>).
Depending on your flash chip,
you can also write-protect the i945 laptops, such as the ThinkPad X60 or T60 (see <a href="../docs/security/x60_security.html">../docs/security/x60_security.html</a>)
and <a href="../docs/security/t60_security.html">../docs/security/t60_security.html</a> for links to a video explaining it).
</p>
<p>
It's possible to write-protect on all libreboot systems, but the instructions need to be written.
The documentation is in the main git repository, so you are welcome to submit patches adding these instructions.
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h2 id="biossettings">How do I change the BIOS settings? <span class="r"><a href="#biossettings">#biossettings</a></span></h2>
<p>
Libreboot actually uses the <a href="http://www.coreboot.org/GRUB2">GRUB payload</a>.
More information about payloads can be found at <a href="http://www.coreboot.org/Payloads">coreboot.org/Payloads</a>.
</p>
<p>
Libreboot inherits the modular payload concept from coreboot, which means that pre-OS bare-metal <i>BIOS setup</i> programs
are not very practical. Coreboot (and libreboot) does include a utility called <i>nvramtool</i>, which can be used
to change some settings. You can find nvramtool under <i>coreboot/util/nvramtool/</i>, in the libreboot source archives.
</p>
<p>
The <i>-a</i> option in nvramtool will list the available options, and <i>-w</i> can be used to change them. Consult
the nvramtool documentation on the coreboot wiki for more information.
</p>
<p>
In practise, you don't need to change any of those settings, in most cases.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="bootloader">Do I need to install a bootloader when installing GNU/Linux? <span class="r"><a href="#bootloader">#bootloader</a></span></h2>
<p>
Libreboot integrates the GRUB bootloader already, as a <i><a href="http://www.coreboot.org/Payloads">payload</a></i>. This means
that the GRUB bootloader is actually <i>flashed</i>, as part of the boot firmware (libreboot). This means that you do
not have to install a boot loader on the HDD or SSD, when installing GNU/Linux. You'll be able to boot GNU/Linux just fine,
using the bootloader (GRUB) that is in the flash chip.
</p>
<p>
This also means that even if you remove the HDD or SSD, you'll still have a functioning bootloader installed which
could be used to boot a live GNU/Linux distribution installer from a USB flash drive.
See <a href="../docs/gnulinux/grub_boot_installer.html">.../docs/gnulinux/grub_boot_installer.html</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="reinstallos">Do I need to re-flash when I re-install GNU/Linux? <span class="r"><a href="#reinstallos">#reinstallos</a></span></h2>
<p>
Not anymore. Recent versions of libreboot (using the GRUB payload) will automatically
switch to a GRUB configuration on the HDD or SSD, if it exists. You can also load a different
GRUB configuration, from any kind of device that is supported in GRUB (such as a USB flash drive). For more information,
see <a href="../docs/gnulinux/grub_cbfs.html">../docs/gnulinux/grub_cbfs.html</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
</div>
<div>
<h1>Freedom questions</h1>
<h2 id="external-gpu">Are external GPUs (e.g. PCI-E) OK? <span class="r"><a href="#external-gpu">#external-gpu</a></span></h2>
<p>
The Video BIOS is present on most video hardware. On all current libreboot systems, this is implemented using free software.
The Video BIOS is responsible for initializing any sort of visual display; without it, you'd have what's called
a <i>headless</i> system.
</p>
<p>
For integrated graphics, the VBIOS is usually embedded as an <i>option ROM</i> in the main boot firmware. For external
graphics, the VBIOS is usually on the graphics card itself. This is usually proprietary; the only difference is that
SeaBIOS executes it (alternatively, you embed it in a coreboot ROM image and have coreboot executes it, if you use
a different payload, such as GRUB).
</p>
<p>
We're going to tentatively say no, they're not OK. Unless you're actively working to replace the VBIOS, or find out how
to get a visual display without it (possible in some cases, if the kernel driver can be modified to work without it,
possibly only needing certain non-executable data).
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h2 id="otherfirmware">What other firmware exists outside of libreboot? <span class="r"><a href="#otherfirmware">#otherfirmware</a></span></h2>
<p>
The main freedom issue on any system, is the boot firmware (usually referred to as a BIOS or UEFI). Libreboot replaces the boot firmware
with fully free code, but even with libreboot, there may still be other hardware components in the system (e.g. laptop) that run
their own dedicated firmware, sometimes proprietary. These are on secondary processors, where the firmware is usually read-only, written for very specific tasks.
While these are unrelated to libreboot, technically speaking, it makes sense to document some of the issues here.
</p>
<p>
Note that these issues are not unique to libreboot systems. They apply universally, to most systems. The issues described below
are the most common (or otherwise critical).
</p>
<p>
Dealing with these problems will most likely be handled by a separate project.
</p>
<h3 id="firmware-ec">EC (embedded controller) firmware <span class="r"><a href="#firmware-ec">#firmware-ec</a></span></h3>
<p>
Most (all?) laptops have this. The EC (embedded controller) is a small, separate processor that basically processes inputs/outputs
that are specific to laptops. For example:
</p>
<ul class="c">
<li>
When you flick the radio on/off switch, the EC will enable/disable the wireless devices (wifi, bluetooth, etc) and enable/disable
an LED that indicates whether it's turned on or not
</li>
<li>
Listen to another chip that produces temperature readings, adjusting fan speeds accordingly (or turning the fan(s) on/off).
</li>
<li>
Takes certain inputs from the keyboard, e.g. brightness up/down, volume up/down.
</li>
<li>
Detect when the lid is closed or opened, and send a signal indicating this.
</li>
<li>
Etc.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Alexander Couzens from coreboot (lynxis on coreboot IRC) is working on a free EC firmware replacement for the ThinkPads
that are supported in libreboot. See: <a href="https://github.com/lynxis/h8s-ec">https://github.com/lynxis/h8s-ec</a> (not ready yet).
</p>
<p>
Most (all?) chromebooks have free EC firmware. Libreboot is currently looking into supporting a few ARM-based chromebooks.
</p>
<p>
EC is only present on laptops. On desktop/server boards it is absent (not required).
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h3 id="firmware-hddssd">HDD/SSD firmware <span class="r"><a href="#firmware-hddssd">#firmware-hddssd</a></span></h3>
<p>
HDDs and SSDs have firmware in them, intended to handle the internal workings of the device while exposing a simple,
standard interface (such as AHCI/SATA) that the OS software can use, generically. This firmware is transparent to the user
of the drive.
</p>
<p>
HDDs and SSDs are quite complex, and these days contain quite complex hardware which is even capable of running an entire
operating system (by this, we mean that the drive itself is capable of running its own embedded OS), even GNU/Linux
or BusyBox/Linux.
</p>
<p>
SSDs and HDDs are a special case, since they are persistent storage devices as well as computers.
</p>
<p>
Example attack that malicious firmware could do: substitute your SSH keys, allowing unauthorized remote access by an unknown
adversary. Or maybe substitute your GPG keys. SATA drives can also have DMA (through the controller), which means that they could read
from system memory; the drive can have its own hidden storage, theoretically, where it could read your LUKS keys and store them
unencrypted for future retrieval by an adversary.
</p>
<p>
With proper IOMMU and use of USB instead of SATA, it might be possible to mitigate any DMA-related issues that could arise.
</p>
<p>
Some proof of concepts have been demonstrated. For HDDs:<br/>
<a href="https://spritesmods.com/?art=hddhack&page=1">https://spritesmods.com/?art=hddhack&page=1</a><br/>
For SSDs:<br/>
<a href="http://www.bunniestudios.com/blog/?p=3554">http://www.bunniestudios.com/blog/?p=3554</a>
</p>
<p>
Viable free replacement firmware is currently unknown to exist. For SSDs, the <a href="http://www.openssd-project.org/wiki/The_OpenSSD_Project">OpenSSD</a> project may be interesting.
</p>
<p>
Apparently, SATA drives themselves don't have DMA but can make use of it through the controller.
This <a href="http://www.lttconn.com/res/lttconn/pdres/201005/20100521170123066.pdf">http://www.lttconn.com/res/lttconn/pdres/201005/20100521170123066.pdf</a> (pages
388-414, 420-421, 427, 446-465, 492-522, 631-638) and this <a href="http://www.intel.co.uk/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/technical-specifications/serial-ata-ahci-spec-rev1_3.pdf">http://www.intel.co.uk/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/technical-specifications/serial-ata-ahci-spec-rev1_3.pdf</a> (pages 59, 67, 94, 99).
</p>
<p>
The following is based on discussion with Peter Stuge (CareBear\) in the coreboot IRC channel on Friday, 18 September 2015,
when investigating whether the SATA drive itself can make use of DMA. The following is based on the datasheets linked above:
</p>
<p>
<CareBear\> francis7 : so FIS type 39h is "DMA Activate FIS - Device to Host", which sounds interesting<br/>
<CareBear\> "transfer of data from the host to the device"<br/>
<CareBear\> "Upon receiving a DMA Activate, if the host adapter’s DMA controller has been programmed and armed, the host adapter shall initiate the transmission of a Data FIS and shall transmit in this FIS the data corresponding to the host memory regions indicated by the DMA controller’s context."<br/>
<CareBear\> FIS is a protocol unit, frame information structure<br/>
<CareBear\> so it seems that a drive can tell the host controller that it would like for DMA to happen, but actually unless the host software has already or will in the future set up this DMA transfer then nothing happens<br/>
<CareBear\> oh, but the drive can also send DMA Setup<br/>
<CareBear\>if a DMA Setup FIS is sent first, with the Auto-Activate bit set, then it is already set up, and the drive can initiate DMA<br/>
<CareBear\> "First party DMA is a superset capability not neccessarily supported by legacy mode devices or legacy mode device drivers but essential for accommodating future capabilities." translation: if the problem isn't already there it will be shortly<br/>
<CareBear\> "Upon receiving a DMA Setup, the receiver of the FIS shall validate the received DMA Setup request" - ie. the host is supposed to validate, but hey, maybe there's a bug there..<br/>
<CareBear\> "The specific implementation of the buffer identifier and buffer/address validation is not specified." - so noone will actually bother<br/>
<Basstard`> "the receiver of the FIS"<br/>
<CareBear\> in the case we're considering that's the host controller hardware in the chipset and/or the kernel driver<br/>
<CareBear\> most likely kernel driver<br/>
<CareBear\> francis7 : all SATA devices have flash-upgradeable firmware<br/>
That last part is important. The firmware can be upgraded from the OS.<br/>
<CareBear\> the harddrive is a nice computer-in-the-computer because it also has persistent storage<br/>
Regarding USB:<br/>
<CareBear\> then the attack surface becomes much smaller, but assuming a malicious harddrive then it can still try to get angry with the operating system<br/>
<CareBear\> a usb drive can e.g. send malformed USB descriptors (how the PS3 was broken)<br/>
(he's talking about so-called 'fuzzing' attacks)
</p>
<p>
Based on this, it's safe to say that use of USB instead of SATA is advisable if security is a concern. USB 2.0 has plenty of bandwidth for many HDDs (a few high-end ones
can use more bandwidth than USB 2.0 is capable of),
but for SSDs it might be problematic (unless you're using USB 3.0, which is not yet usable in freedom. See <a href="#firmware-usbhost">#firmware-usbhost</a>).
</p>
<p>
Other links:
</p>
<ul class="c">
<li><a href="http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-nsas-undetectable-hard-drive-hack-was-first-demonstrated-a-year-ago">http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-nsas-undetectable-hard-drive-hack-was-first-demonstrated-a-year-ago</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
It is recommended that you use full disk encryption, on HDDs connected via USB. There are several adapters available
online, that allow you to connect SATA HDDs via USB. Libreboot documents how to install several GNU/Linux distributions
with full disk encryption. You can adapt these for use with USB drives:
</p>
<ul class="c">
<li><a href="../docs/gnulinux/encrypted_trisquel.html">Full disk encryption with Trisquel GNU/Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="../docs/gnulinux/encrypted_parabola.html">Full disk encryption with Parabola GNU/Linux</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
The current theory (unproven) is that this will at least prevent malicious drives from wrongly manipulating data
being read from or written to the drive, since it can't access your LUKS key if it's only ever in RAM,
provided that the HDD doesn't have DMA (USB devices don't have DMA). The worst that it could do in this case
is destroy your data. Of course, you should make sure never to put any keyfiles in the LUKS header. <b>Take what
this paragraph says with a pinch of salt. This is still under discussion, and none of this is proven.</b>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h3 id="firmware-nic">NIC (ethernet controller) <span class="r"><a href="#firmware-nic">#firmware-nic</a></span></h3>
<p>
Ethernet NICs will typically run firmware inside, which is responsible for initializing the device internally.
Theoretically, it could be configured to drop packets, or even modify them.
</p>
<p>
With proper IOMMU, it might be possible to mitigate the DMA-related issues.
A USB NIC can also be used, which does not have DMA.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h3 id="firmware-cpu">CPU microcode <span class="r"><a href="#firmware-cpu">#firmware-cpu</a></span></h3>
<p>
Implements an instruction set. See <a href="#microcode">#microcode</a> for a brief description.
Here we mean microcode built in to the CPU. We are not talking about the updates supplied by the boot firmware
(libreboot does not include microcode updates, and only supports systems that will work without it)
Microcode can be very powerful. No proof that it's malicious, but it could theoretically
</p>
<p>
There isn't really a way to solve this, unless you use a CPU which does not have microcode.
(ARM CPUs don't, but most ARM systems require blobs for the graphics hardware at present, and typically
have other things like soldered wifi which might require blobs)
</p>
<p>
CPUs often on modern systems have a processor inside it for things like power management.
ARM for example, has lots of these.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h3 id="firmware-sound">Sound card <span class="r"><a href="#firmware-sound">#firmware-sound</a>)</h3>
<p>
Sound hardware (integrated or discrete) typically has firmware on it (DSP) for processing input/output.
Again, a USB DAC is a good workaround.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page</a>
</p>
<h3 id="firmware-webcam">Web cam <span class="r"><a href="#firmware-webcam">#firmware-webcam</a></h3>
<p>
Webcams have firmware integrated into them that process the image input into the camera; adjusting focus,
white balancing and so on. Can use USB webcam hardware, to work around potential DMA issues; integrated webcams
(on laptops, for instance) are discouraged by the libreboot project.
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h3 id="firmware-usbhost">USB host controller <span class="r"><a href="#firmware-usbhost">#firmware-usbhost</a></span></h3>
<p>
Doesn't really apply to current libreboot systems (none of them have USB 3.0 at the moment), but
USB 3.0 host controllers typically rely on firmware to implement the XHCI specification. Some newer
coreboot ports also require this blob, if you want to use USB 3.0.
</p>
<p>
This doesn't affect libreboot at the moment, because all current systems that are supported only
have older versions of USB available. USB devices also don't have DMA (but the USB host controller itself does).
</p>
<p>
With proper IOMMU, it might be possible to mitigate the DMA-related issues (with the host controller).
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h3 id="firmware-wwan">WWAN firmware <span class="r"><a href="#firmware-wwan">#firmware-wwan</a></span></h3>
<p>
Some laptops might have a simcard reader in them, with a card for handling WWAN, connecting to a 3g/4g (e.g. GSM) network.
This is the same technology used in mobile phones, for remote network access (e.g. internet).
</p>
<p>
NOTE: not to be confused with wifi. Wifi is a different technology, and entirely unrelated.
</p>
<p>
The baseband processor inside the WWAN chip will have its own embedded operating system, most likely proprietary. Use of this
technology also implies the same privacy issues as with mobile phones (remote tracking by the GSM network, by triangulating the signal).
</p>
<p>
On some laptops, these cards use USB (internally), so won't have DMA, but it's still a massive freedom and privacy issue.
If you have an internal WWAN chip/card, the libreboot project recommends that you disable and (ideally, if possible) physically
remove the hardware. If you absolutely must use this technology, an external USB dongle is much better because it can be
easily removed when you don't need it, thereby disabling any external entities from tracking your location.
</p>
<p>
Use of ethernet or wifi is recommended, as opposed to mobile networks, as these are generally much safer.
</p>
<p>
On all current libreboot laptops, it is possible to remove the WWAN card and sim card if it exists. The WWAN card is next to the wifi card, and the
sim card (if installed) will be in a slot underneath the battery, or next to the RAM.
</p>
<p>
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</p>
</div>
<div>
<h1>Operating Systems</h1>
<h2 id="gnulinux">Can I use GNU/Linux? <span class="r"><a href="#gnulinux">#gnulinux</a></span></h2>
<p>
Absolutely! GNU/Linux is well-tested in libreboot, and highly recommended.
See <a href="../docs/gnulinux/grub_boot_installer.html">installing GNU/Linux</a> and <a href="../docs/gnulinux/grub_cbfs.html">booting GNU/Linux</a>.
</p>
<p>
Any recent distribution should work, as long as it uses KMS (kernel mode setting) for the graphics.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="https://fsf.org/">Free Software Foundation</a> maintains
a <a href="https://gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html">list of free GNU/Linux distributions</a>, certified
to distribute and endorse <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>, exclusively.
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h2 id="gnuhurd">Can I use GNU/Hurd? <span class="r"><a href="#gnuhurd">#gnuhurd</a></span></h2>
<p>
Unknown. Probably not. Feel free to try it, and report your findings.
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a> is a microkernel developed by
the <a href="https://gnu.org/">GNU project</a>, and was (still is) intended to be the kernel for the
GNU operating system. For historical reasons, <a href="https://kernel.org/">Linux</a> became the primarily
adopted kernel (the libreboot project urges everyone to install and use <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/">linux-libre</a> on their GNU systems),
and was adapted for use with the GNU system. This is <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">why</a> we
say <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html">GNU/Linux</a>. Read the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>.
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h2 id="bsd">Can I use BSD? <span class="r"><a href="#bsd">#bsd</a></span></h2>
<p>
BSD systems require a full Video BIOS, which libreboot lacks (there is a free replacement
on all current systems, but it lacks certain features that GNU/Linux doesn't require).
Translation: X11 won't work in BSD.
</p>
<p>
It may be possible to get a serial console, but beyond that, BSD is useless on libreboot systems.
</p>
<p>
For the most part, BSD systems remain untested in libreboot.
BSD systems <a href="https://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html">contain blobs</a>, so do beware.
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h2 id="windows">Can I use Windows? <span class="r"><a href="#windows">#windows</a></span></h2>
<p>
Windows is incompatible with libreboot, and will probably remain so. <a href="https://gnu.org/philosophy/malware-microsoft.html">Never use Windows</a>.
</p>
<p>
Windows incompatibility is a feature, not a bug.
</p>
<p>
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</p>
<h2 id="otheros">Are other operating systems compatible? <span class="r"><a href="#otheros">#otheros</a></span></h2>
<p>
Unknown. Probably not.
</p>
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</p>
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