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diff --git a/docs/howtos/encrypted_parabola.html b/docs/howtos/encrypted_parabola.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdbcf20 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/howtos/encrypted_parabola.html @@ -0,0 +1,490 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + + <style type="text/css"> + body { + background:#fff; + color:#000; + font-family:sans-serif; + font-size:1em; + } + div.important { + background-color:#ccc; + } + </style> + + <title>Installing Parabola GNU/Linux with full disk encryption (including /boot)</title> +</head> + +<body> + <header> + <h1>Installing Parabola GNU/Linux with full disk encryption (including /boot)</h1> + <aside>Or <a href="../index.html">back to main index</a></aside> + </header> + + <p> + Because GRUB is installed directly as a payload of libreboot (or coreboot), you don't need an unencrypted /boot partition + when setting up an encrypted system. This means that your machine can really secure data while powered off. + </p> + + <p> + Boot Parabola's install environment. <a href="grub_boot_installer.html">How to boot a GNU/Linux installer</a>. + </p> + + <p> + Parabola is much more flexible than Trisquel, but also more involved to setup. Use Parabola. It's 10 million times better than Trisquel. + </p> + + <p> + Firstly if you use an SSD, beware there are issues with TRIM (not enabled through luks) and security issues if you do enable it. + See <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Specialties#Discard.2FTRIM_support_for_solid_state_drives_.28SSD.29">this page</a> + for more info. + </p> + + <p> + Wipe the MBR (if you use MBR):<br/> + # <b>lsblk</b><br/> + Your HDD is probably /dev/sda: + # <b>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1</b><br/> + Never use SeaBIOS! The MBR section can easily be changed with malicious code, which SeaBIOS will blindly execute. + This guide is for libreboot with GRUB-as-payload only. + </p> + + <p> + Securely wipe the drive:<br/> + # <b>dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sda</b> + </p> + + <p> + This guide will go through the installation steps taken at the time of writing, which may or may not change due to + the volatile nature of Parabola (it changes all the time). In general most of it should remain the same. If you spot mistakes, + please say so! This guide will be ported to the Parabola wiki at a later date. For up to date Parabola install guide, go to + the Parabola wiki. This guide essentially cherry picks the useful information (valid at the time of writing: 2014-09-15). + </p> + + <h2> + Change keyboard layout + </h2> + <p> + Parabola live shell assumes US Qwerty. If you have something different, use:<br/> + # <b>loadkeys LAYOUT</b><br/> + For me, LAYOUT would have been dvorak-uk. + </p> + + <h2>Getting started</h2> + <p> + The beginning is based on <a href="https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/Installation_Guide">https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/Installation_Guide</a>. + Then I referred to <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Partitioning">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Partitioning</a> at first. + </p> + + <h2>dm-mod</h2> + <p> + device-mapper will be used - a lot. Make sure that the kernel module is loaded:<br/> + # <b>modprobe dm-mod</b> + </p> + + <h2>Create LUKS partition</h2> + <p> + I am using MBR partitioning, so I use cfdisk:<br/> + # <b>cfdisk /dev/sda</b> + </p> + <p> + I create a single large sda1 filling the whole drive, leaving it as the default type 'Linux' (83). + </p> + <p> + Now I refer to <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Drive_preparation#Partitioning">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Drive_preparation#Partitioning</a>:<br/> + I am then directed to <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption</a>. + </p> + <p> + Parabola forces you to RTFM. + </p> + <p> + It tells me to run:<br/> + # <b>cryptosetup benchmark</b> (for making sure the list below is populated)<br/> + Then:<br/> + # <b>cat /proc/crypto</b><br/> + This gives me crypto options that I can use. It also provides a representation of the best way to setup LUKS (in this case, security is a priority; speed, a distant second). + To gain a better understanding, I am also reading:<br/> + # <b>man cryptsetup</b> + </p> + <p> + Following that page, based on my requirements, I do the following based on + based on <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Encryption_options_for_LUKS_mode">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Encryption_options_for_LUKS_mode</a>. + Reading through, it seems like Serpent (encryption) and Whirlpool (hash) is the best option. + </p> + <p> + I am initializing LUKS with the following:<br/> + # <b>cryptsetup -v --cipher serpent-xts-plain64 --key-size 512 --hash whirlpool --use-random --verify-passphrase luksFormat /dev/sda1</b> + -- choose a <b>secure</b> passphrase here. Ideally lots of lowercase/uppercase numbers, letters, symbols etc all in a random pattern. The password + length should be as long as you are able to handle without writing it down or storing it anywhere. Ideally, 100 characters or more. + It might take you a while to memorize a long passphrase before beginning this step. + </p> + + <h2>Create LVM</h2> + <p> + Now I refer to <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/LVM">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/LVM</a>. + </p> + <p> + Open the LUKS partition:<br/> + # <b>cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/sda1 lvm</b> (it will be available at /dev/mapper/lvm) + </p> + <p> + Create LVM partition:<br/> + # <b>pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvm</b><br/> + Show that you just created it:<br/> + # <b>pvdisplay</b> + </p> + <p> + Now I create the volume group, inside of which the logical volumes will be created:<br/> + # <b>vgcreate matrix /dev/mapper/lvm</b> (volume group name is 'matrix')<br/> + Show that you created it:<br/> + # <b>vgdisplay</b> + </p> + <p> + Now create the logical volumes:<br/> + # <b>lvcreate -L 2G matrix -n swapvol</b> (2G swap partition, named <u>swapvol</u>)<br/> + # <b>lvcreate -l +100%FREE matrix -n rootvol</b> (single large partition in the rest of the space, named <u>rootvol</u>)<br/> + You can also be flexible here, for example you can specify a /boot, a /, a /home, a /var, a /usr, etc. For example, + if you will be running a web/mail server then you want /var in it's own partition (so that if it fills up with logs, it won't crash your system). + For a home/laptop system (typical use case), a root and a swap will do (really). + </p> + <p> + Verify that the logical volumes were created, using the following command:<br/> + # <b>lvdisplay</b> + </p> + + <h2>Create / and swap partitions</h2> + <p> + For the swapvol LV I use:<br/> + # <b>mkswap /dev/mapper/matrix-swapvol</b> + </p> + <p> + For the rootvol LV I use:<br/> + # <b>mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/matrix-rootvol</b> + </p> + + <h2>Continue with Parabola installation</h2> + <p> + Mount the root (/) partition:<br/> + # <b>mount /dev/matrix/rootvol /mnt</b><br/> + </p> + <p> + This guide is really about GRUB, Parabola and cryptomount. I have to show how to install Parabola + so that the guide can continue. + </p> + <p> + Now I am following the rest of <a href="https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/Installation_Guide">https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/Installation_Guide</a>. + I also also cross referencing <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Installation_guide">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Installation_guide</a>. + </p> + <p> + Create /home and /boot on rootvol mountpoint:<br/> + # <b>mkdir /mnt/home</b><br/> + # <b>mkdir /mnt/boot</b> + </p> + <p> + The wiki says to enable the swap so that it can be detected by 'genfstab':<br/> + # <b>swapon /dev/matrix/swapvol</b> + </p> + <p> + DHCP was already working for me, so I had internet during the install. Therefore, I ignore the 'Connect to the Internet' section of the install guide. + I also ignore wifi, since I can set that up after the install. For now, I am just using ethernet. + Otherwise, refer to <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Configuring_Network">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Configuring_Network</a>. + You can test to see if internet is already working by pinging a few domains. + </p> + <p> + The following is based on 'Verification of package signatures' in the Parabola install guide. Check there first to see if steps differ by now. + Now you have to update the default Parabola keyring. This is used for signing and verifying packages:<br/> + # <b>pacman -Sy parabola-keyring</b><br/> + It says that you you get GPG errors, it's probably an expired key so do:<br/> + # <b>pacman-key --populate parabola</b><br/> + # <b>pacman-key --refresh-keys</b><br/> + # <b>pacman -Sy parabola-keyring</b><br/> + To be honest, you should do the above anyway. Parabola has a lot of maintainers, and a lot of keys. Really!<br/> + Also, it says that if the clock is set incorrectly then you have to manually set the correct time (if keys are listed as expired because of it):<br/> + # <b>date MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]</b> + </p> + + <h3>Install the base system</h3> + <p> + I commented out all lines except the Server line for the UK Parabola server (main server) in <b>/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist</b> and then did:<br/> + # <b>pacman -Syu</b><br/> + I also had to upgrade pacman and then do the above again:<br/> + # <b>pacman -Sy pacman</b> + </p> + <p> + I also like to install other packages (base-devel, compilers and so on) and wpa_supplicant/dialog are needed for wireless after the install:<br/> + # <b>pacstrap /mnt base base-devel wpa_supplicant dialog</b> + </p> + + <h3>Configure the system</h3> + <p> + From the Parabola installation guide (Arch's one was identical):<br/> + # <b>genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab</b> + </p> + <p> + Chroot into new system:<br/> + # <b>arch-chroot /mnt</b> + </p> + <p> + It's a good idea to have this installed:<br/> + # <b>pacman -S linux-libre-lts</b> + </p> + <p> + This is another kernel that sits inside /boot, which you can use. LTS means 'long-term support'. These are so-called 'stable' kernels + that can be used as a fallback during updates, if a bad kernel causes issues for you. + </p> + <p> + Parabola does not have wget. This is sinister. Install it:<br/> + # <b>pacman -S wget</b> + </p> + <ul> + <li>Write your hostname to /etc/hostname</li> + <li> + Symlink /etc/localtime to /usr/share/zoneinfo/Zone/SubZone. Replace Zone and Subzone to your liking. For example: + <ul> + <li># <b>ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/London /etc/localtime</b></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + Set <a href="https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/Locale#Setting_system-wide_locale">locale</a> preferences in /etc/locale.conf. In my case, I did:<br/> + <i> + LANG="en_GB.UTF-8"<br/> + # Keep the default sort order (e.g. files starting with a '.'<br/> + # should appear at the start of a directory listing.)<br/> + LC_COLLATE="C"<br/> + # Set the short date to YYYY-MM-DD (test with "date +%c")<br/> + LC_TIME="en_GB.UTF-8" + </i> + </li> + <li> + Add <a href="https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/KEYMAP">console keymap and font</a> preferences in /etc/vconsole.conf. In my case:<br/> + <i> + KEYMAP=dvorak-uk<br/> + FONT=Lat2-Terminus16 + </i> + </li> + <li> + Uncomment the selected locale (same as what you specified in /etc/locale.conf) in /etc/locale.gen and generate it with: + <ul> + <li># <b>locale-gen</b></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + Configure /etc/mkinitcpio.conf as needed (see <a href="https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/Mkinitcpio">mkinitcpio</a>) + Specifically, for this use case:<br/> + <ul> + <li> + add <b>i915</b> to the MODULES array (forces the driver to load earlier, so that the consolefont isn't wiped out after getting to login).<br/> + add <b>encrypt</b> and <b>lvm2</b> in that order, before the 'filesystems' entry in the HOOKS array.<br/> + add <b>keymap</b>, <b>consolefont</b> and <b>shutdown</b> to the end of the HOOKS array in that order.<br/> + move <b>keyboard</b>, <b>keymap</b> and <b>consolefont</b> in that order, to go before 'encrypt' in the HOOKS array.<br/> + At the end your HOOKS array will look like this:<br/> + <i>HOOKS="base udev autodetect modconf block keyboard keymap consolefont encrypt lvm2 filesystems fsck shutdown"</i> + <ul> + <li>keymap adds to initramfs the keymap that you specified in /etc/vconsole.conf</li> + <li>consolefont adds to initramfs the font that you specified in /etc/vconsole.conf</li> + <li>encrypt adds LUKS support to the initramfs - needed to unlock your disks at boot time</li> + <li>lvm2 adds LVM support to the initramfs - needed to mount the LVM partitions at boot time</li> + <li>shutdown is needed according to Parabola wiki for unmounting devices (such as LUKS/LVM) during shutdown</li> + <li> + Runtime modules can be found in /usr/lib/initcpio/hooks, and build hooks can be found in + /usr/lib/initcpio/install. + </li> + <li><b>mkinitcpio -H hookname</b> gives information about each hook.</li> + </ul> + </li> + </ul> + </li> + <li> + Now using mkinitcpio, you can create the kernel and ramdisk for booting with (note, this is different than Arch, specifying linux-libre instead of linux):<br/> + # <b>mkinitcpio -p linux-libre</b><br/> + Also do it for linux-libre-lts:<br/> + # <b>mkinitcpio -p linux-libre-lts</b> + </li> + </ul> + + <h3>Set a root password</h3> + <p> + At the time of writing, Parabola used SHA512 by default for it's password hashing. + </p> + <p> + I referred to <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SHA_password_hashes">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SHA_password_hashes</a>. + </p> + <p> + Open /etc/pam.d/passwd and add rounds=65536 at the end of the uncommented 'password' line. + </p> + <p> + # <b>passwd root</b><br/> + Make sure to set a secure password! Also, it must never be the same as your LUKS password. + </p> + + <h3>Extra security tweaks</h3> + <p> + Based on <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Security">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Security</a>. + </p> + <p> + Restrict access to important directories:<br/> + # <b>chmod 700 /boot /etc/{iptables,arptables}</b> + </p> + <p> + Lockout user after three failed login attempts:<br/> + Edit the file /etc/pam.d/system-login and comment out that line:<br/> + <i># auth required pam_tally.so onerr=succeed file=/var/log/faillog</i><br/> + Or just delete it. Above it, put:<br/> + <i>auth required pam_tally.so deny=2 unlock_time=600 onerr=succeed file=/var/log/faillog</i><br/> + To unlock a user manually (if a password attempt is failed 3 times), do:<br/> + # <b>pam_tally --user --reset</b> + What the above configuration does is lock the user out for 10 minutes, if they make 3 failed login attempts. + </p> + <p> + Configure sudo - not covered here. Will be covered post-installation in another tutorial, at a later date. + If this is a single-user system, you don't really need sudo. + </p> + + <h3>Unmount, reboot!</h3> + <p> + Exit from chroot:<br/> + # <b>exit</b> + </p> + <p> + unmount:<br/> + # <b>umount /mnt</b><br/> + # <b>swapoff -a</b> + </p> + <p> + deactivate the lvm lv's:<br/> + # <b>lvchange -an /dev/matrix/rootvol</b><br/> + # <b>lvchange -an /dev/matrix/swapvol</b><br/> + </p> + <p> + Lock the encrypted partition (close it):<br/> + # <b>cryptsetup luksClose lvm</b> + </p> + <p> + # <b>shutdown -h now</b><br/> + Then boot up again. + </p> + + <h3>Booting from GRUB</h3> + <p> + Initially you will have to boot manually. Press C to get to the GRUB command line. The underlined parts are optional + (using those 2 underlines will boot lts kernel instead of normal). + </p> + <p> + grub> <b>cryptomount -a (ahci0,msdos1)</b><br/> + grub> <b>set root='lvm/matrix-rootvol'</b><br/> + grub> <b>linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux-libre<u>-lts</u> root=/dev/matrix/rootvol cryptdevice=/dev/sda1:root</b><br/> + grub> <b>initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-libre<u>-lts</u>.img</b><br/> + grub> <b>boot</b><br/> + </p> + +<hr/> + + <h2>Modify grub.cfg inside the ROM</h2> + + <p> + Now you need to modify the ROM, so that Parabola can boot automatically with this configuration. + <a href="grub_cbfs.html">grub_cbfs.html</a> shows you how. Follow that guide, using the configuration details below. + </p> + <p> + Inside the 'Load Operating System' menu entry, change the contents to:<br/> + <b><i> + cryptomount -a (ahci0,msdos1)<br/> + set root='lvm/matrix-rootvol'<br/> + linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux-libre<u>-lts</u> root=/dev/matrix/rootvol cryptdevice=/dev/sda1:root<br/> + initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-libre<u>-lts</u>.img + </i></b> + </p> + + <p> + Note: the underlined parts above (-lts) can also be removed, to boot the latest kernel instead of LTS (long-term support) kernels. + You could also copy the menu entry and in one have -lts, and without in the other menuentry. + </p> + + <p> + Above the 'Load Operating System' menu entry you should also add a GRUB password, like so: + </p> +<pre><b><i>set superusers="root" +password_pbkdf2 root grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.711F186347156BC105CD83A2ED7AF1EB971AA2B1EB2640172F34B0DEFFC97E654AF48E5F0C3B7622502B76458DA494270CC0EA6504411D676E6752FD1651E749.8DD11178EB8D1F633308FD8FCC64D0B243F949B9B99CCEADE2ECA11657A757D22025986B0FA116F1D5191E0A22677674C994EDBFADE62240E9D161688266A711 +</i></b></pre> + + <p> + Note that the above entry specifies user 'root'; this is just a username for GRUB. You don't even need to use root. + Change root on both of those 2 lines to whatever you want. + </p> + + <p> + Start dhcp on ethernet:<br/> + # <b>systemctl start dhcpcd.service</b> + This is just for the step below. I won't cover network configuration here. That is for another Parabola article. + </p> + + <p> + The password hash (it's <b>password</b>, by the way) after <i>'password_pbkdf2 root'</i> <i>should be changed</i> and is created by the <b>grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</b> utility, which you need to install or otherwise compile, + like so:<br/> + # <b>pacman -S grub</b> + </p> + + <p> + GRUB isn't needed for booting, since it's already included as a payload in libreboot. This is only so that the utility needed becomes available. Get your hash + by entering your chosen password at the prompt, when running this command:<br/> + # <b>grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</b> + </p> + + <p> + It will output the hash for the password that you entered. Make sure to specify a password that is different from both your LUKS *and* your root/user password. + Use it to replace the default hash mentioned above. + </p> + + <p> + With this setup, you will have to enter a password at boot time, in GRUB, before being able to use any of the menu entries or switch to the terminal. + This protects your system from an attacker simply booting a live usb distro and re-flashing the boot firmware. + </p> + + <p> + You probably only need base-devel (compilers and so on) to build and use cbfstool. It was already installed if you followed this tutorial, but here it is:<br/> + # <b>pacman -S base-devel</b> + </p> + + <p> + For flashing the modified ROM, I just used flashrom from the Parabola repo's:<br/> + # <b>pacman -S flashrom</b><br/> + I also installed dmidecode:<br/> + # <b>pacman -S dmidecode</b> + </p> + +<hr/> + + <p> + If you followed all that correctly, you should now have a fully encrypted Parabola installation. + This is a very barebones Parabola install (the default one). Refer to the wiki for how to do the rest + (desktop, etc). + </p> + +<hr/> + + <h2>Further security tips</h2> + <p> + <a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Security">https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Security</a>.<br/> + <a href="https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/User:GNUtoo/laptop">https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/User:GNUtoo/laptop</a> + </p> + +<hr/> + + <p> + Copyright © 2014 Francis Rowe <info@gluglug.org.uk><br/> + This document is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License and all future versions. + A copy of the license can be found at <a href="../license.txt">../license.txt</a>. + </p> + + <p> + This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See <a href="../license.txt">../license.txt</a> for more information. + </p> + +</body> +</html> |